This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes Essay Example For Students

This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes Essay Listen up soldiers, we have a crisis on our hands. A silent army has been built up over hundreds of years and is the most deadly enemy we have ever had to face. This enemy you people have known since the day you were brought into this world. You are face to face with this enemy every day, unknowing that every step you take, every move you make, and every decision you face is contributing somehow to this armys strength. In case you havent noticed yet, ladies and gentlemen, this enemy is ourselves. Slowly and surely we are destroying animals, ourselves and most importantly the only planet we have, Earth. You have probably all heard this speech a thousand times before, and well if this has to be the 1001 before we get off our lazy, self-destructing asses and do something to fix it, so be it! I admit Im no better than the rest of you at the simple things in everyday life that are destroying this planet, but the whole issue pisses me off. Our whole existence revolves around money, and our personal benefit. We will write a custom essay on This Life Time has 42048000 Minutes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We have forgotten how to do things for others, how to help the planet and, in turn, how to benefit the species. The fact is simple people, were killing ourselves. Many, however, dont notice it. They believe what theyre doing is either beneficial, or that they are too small to do anything about it. Well most of them are right, most of us fall under some sort of higher power, which means that the root of the problems are mainly the governments. Dont think that this is leading into one of those x-filesy, conspiracy theory type lectures, however if youd like to call it that, I wont be one to judge. I do believe the governments know how to prevent and stop much of the problems in our world today. For example, its a widely known fact that we have the technology to use water instead of gas for cars, but the government wont allow production because they get money off gas, and to them its more important than a clean environment, more important than contaminating the water, or killing off animals because of the pollution even when the money they get from the gas ends up being put back into trying to control these problems anyway. And who was the guy who thought that burning fossil fuels would be a good source of energy anyway? Did they take the first suggestion that came up or what? Fossil fuels are not everlasting guys, HELLO! Is our species so narrow-minded that we cant see into the future and realise that one day it will run out. Or did we know that in the beginning and not care cause it was the only resource we could use? Did we then become so lazy that we couldnt spend the time and money ooo not money!! o figure out some other sort of fuel or energy source?!?! This is nuts!!! So go ahead try and hide. Protect yourselves with your fancy guns and munitions, run away with your trains, planes, and automobiles or go about as if nothings happening. None of those will help you much cause the only way we can shelter ourselves from whats to come is if we stop it from ever happening. Now are you all able to get off your couches, stop watching your TVs and do something about it? Didnt think so but it was worth a tr y anyway.

Frank Lloyd Wright vs Le Corbusier Essay Example

Frank Lloyd Wright vs Le Corbusier Essay During this postwar era, modernism dove eloped because of the common influences of Wright and Couriers and the different infill ounce s of Wright and Couriers. Wright and Couriers had many common influences during the modernist pee riot. Some of these common influences are their use of geometric shapes and they both referred to their works as organic. For example Frank Lloyd Wright designed a snail shaped m assume with a winding interior for the display of artwork called the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . He introduced circles and curves in this. Also Lee Courtiers Villa Savoy is very sys metrical and is all geometric shapes. Lastly, both architects were fascinated by new techno skies. They rose to the challenge of the automobile and its role as a monopolizing force in architecture Even though Wright and Couriers have many common influences they also h eave many different individual influences. Wright was fascinated by the automobile, convinced of its attention to revolutionist modern life. He felt that it had created possibilities of new communities based on a new knowledge of time and space. The rural isolation of Wrights c itty is only possible through the highways that connect its homesteads. Lee Couriers looked to technology to promote a different trend. While also revering myths, he was principally inter Estes in the energy of new constructs, recreating old paradigms instead of reviving them. We will write a custom essay sample on Frank Lloyd Wright vs Le Corbusier specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Frank Lloyd Wright vs Le Corbusier specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Frank Lloyd Wright vs Le Corbusier specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Their Eyes Were Watching God1 essays

Their Eyes Were Watching God1 essays In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie battles to find Individualism within herself. Janie, all her life, had been pushed around and told what to do and how to live her life. She searched and searched high and low to find a peace that makes her whole and makes her feel like a complete person. To make her feel like she is in fact an individual and that shes not like everyone else around her. During the time of Their Eyes, the correct way to treat women was to show them who was in charge and who was inferior. Men were looked to as the superior being, the one who women were supposed to look up to and serve. Especially in the fact that Janie was an African American women during these oppressed times. Throughout this book, it looks as though Janie makes many mistakes in trying to find who she really is, and achieving the respect that Living with her Grandmother and theWashburns, Janie was surrounded and raised with white children. She always believed that she was white herself, and that she was no different than anybody else. As she was growing up, she was told what to do and how to live by her grandmother. Janies grandmother planned her life out for her. She told her that she must get married right away. Yeah, Janie, youse got yo womanhood on yuh. So Ah mout ez well tell yuh whut Ah been savin up for uh spell. Ah wants to see you married right away. Janies grandmother did want what was best for Janie, but she basically told her what to do instead of letting her know what she wanted for her. Janies grandmother told her exactly who she was going to marry and who she wasnt even to think about. Whut Ah seen just now is plenty for me, honey, Ah dont want no trashy negro, no breath-and-britches, lak Johnny Taylor usin yo body to wipe his foots on. Brothe...

Parts of Computer Essay Example

Parts of Computer Essay Example Parts of Computer Essay Parts of Computer Essay If you use a desktop computer, you might already know that there isnt any single part called the computer. A computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. (Software, on the other hand, refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. ) The illustration below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. Your system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package. Picture of a desktop computer systemDesktop computer system Lets take a look at each of these parts. System unit The system unit is the core of a computer system. Usually its a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the brain of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device. Picture of a system unitSystem unit Top of page Storage Your computer has one or more disk drives- devices that store information on a metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer is turned off. Hard disk drive Your computers hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive amounts of information, they usually serve as your computers primary means of storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is normally located inside the system unit. Picture of a hard disk driveHard disk drive CD and DVD drives Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer. Picture of a CDCD DVD drives can do everything that CD drives can, plus read DVDs. If you have a DVD drive, you can watch movies on your computer. Many DVD drives can record data onto blank DVDs. Tip Tip If you have a recordable CD or DVD drive, periodically back up (copy) your important files to CDs or DVDs. That way, if your hard disk ever fails, you wont lose your data. Floppy disk drive Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage. For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be, although some computers still include them. Picture of a floppy diskFloppy disk Why are floppy disks floppy? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, thats just the sleeve. The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material. Top of page Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. Its small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless. Picture of a computer mouseMouse A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information. Picture of mouse pointers When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in the same direction. (The pointers appearance might change depending on where its positioned on your screen. ) When you want to select an item, you point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button. Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your computer. For more information, see Using your mouse. Top of page Keyboard A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys: The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used. * The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly. * The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage. Picture of a keyboardKeyboard You can also use your keyboard to perform m any of the same tasks you can perform with a mouse. For more information, see Using your keyboard. Top of page Monitor A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures. There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors, however, are generally more affordable. Picture of an LCD monitor and a CRT monitorLCD monitor (left); CRT monitor (right) Top of page Printer A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You dont need a printer to use your computer, but having one allows you to print e? mail, cards, invitations, announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their own photos at home. The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper. Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use. Picture of an inkjet printer and a laser printerInkjet printer (left); laser printer (right) Top of page Speakers Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer. Picture of computer speakersComputer speakers Top of page Modem To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components. Picture of a cable modemCable modem

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism

Black Actresses Speak Out About Colorism Gabrielle Union, Tika Sumpter, and  Lupita Nyong’o have all been praised for their good looks. Because they are dark-skinned, however, they have all been asked to discuss how  colorism, or skin color discrimination, affected their self-esteem. These women and other actresses, such as Keke Palmer and Vanessa Williams, have all had unique experiences in and out of the entertainment industry based on their skin color. Hearing them discuss their encounters, or lack thereof, with colorism, sheds light on the hurdles that have yet to be overcome in race relations. Pretty For a Dark-Skinned Girl Actress Keke Palmer of â€Å"Akeelah and the Bee† fame discussed her desire to be lighter-skinned while sitting on the Hollywood Confidential Panel in 2013. â€Å"When I was like 5 years old I used to pray to have light skin because I would always hear how pretty that little light skin girl was, or I would hear I was pretty ‘to be dark skinned,’†Ã‚  Palmer revealed. â€Å"It wasn’t until I was 13 that I really learned to appreciate my skin color and know that I was beautiful.† The actress went on to say that African Americans need â€Å"to stop separating ourselves by how dark or how light we are.† Praying For Light Skin Palmer’s prayer for lighter skin sounds eerily similar to Lupita Nyong’o’s prayers as a youth. The Oscar winner revealed in early 2014 that she, too, begged God for lighter skin. Teased and bullied for her dark skin, Nyong’o desperately believed that God would answer her prayer. â€Å"The morning would come and I would be so excited about seeing my new skin that I would refuse to look down at myself until I was in front of a mirror because I wanted to see my fair face first,†Ã‚  she said. â€Å"And every day I experienced the same disappointment of being just as dark as I was the day before.† The success of dark-skinned model Alek Wek helped Nyong’o to appreciate her skin color. â€Å"A celebrated model, she was dark as night, she was on all of the runways and in every magazine and everyone was talking about how beautiful she was.† â€Å"Even Oprah called her beautiful and that made it a fact. I couldn’t believe that people were embracing a woman who looked so much like me as beautiful. My complexion had always been an obstacle to overcome and all of a sudden Oprah was telling me it wasn’t.† Colorism Still Affects Gabrielle Union Actress Gabrielle Union has no shortage of admirers but  she revealed in 2010 that growing up in an all-white town led to her developing low self-esteem, particularly about her skin color. Her white classmates did not pursue her romantically and she did not meet black boys until she, an athlete, headed off to basketball camp. â€Å"When I got to go to basketball camp and I got to be around black boys, I was like cool†¦until I got dumped†¦for a light skinned girl,† she said. â€Å"And then that whole thing started. My hair isn’t straight enough. My nose isn’t pointy enough. My lips are too big. My boobs aren’t big enough. And you start going through all of that. And I realize as I’ve gotten older a lot of issues that I was dealing with at 15, I am still dealing with today.† Union said that she’s also witnessed her teenaged niece confront the same issues with skin color and hair texture, leading her to believe â€Å"that there is a lot more work to do be done.† In Hollywood, where there’s a high premium on looks, Union said that she continues to grapple with insecurities. â€Å"In the business that I am in now, it is incredibly tough, and to be honest, sometimes it is hard to keep my head above the water, sometimes I feel like I’m drowning,† she said. â€Å"†¦You don’t get a job, and you immediately want to blame it on, if my hair was different, or maybe if my nose†¦or they just want to go with light-skin girls, and you start to doubt yourself, and the self-doubts and the low self-esteem starts to creep in.† Tika Sumpter Never Felt Less Than Actress Tika Sumpter remarked in 2014 that being dark-skinned never made her feel less than her five siblings, all of whom are lighter than she is. She said that her mother, who is lighter than her, and her father, who is also dark-skinned, always appreciated her complexion. â€Å"I never felt less than, so even growing up and getting into this business I always felt like well yeah of course you’re going to like me,†Ã‚  she told Oprah Winfrey. â€Å"†¦I never felt like, wow, the light-skinned girl- she’s going to get all the boys. Growing up I was like, yeah, of course I’m cute. †¦Of course I’m going to be the president of my class three years in a row. I was never made to feel less than, and it starts at home. It really does.† Hollywood Poses Challenges For All Black Women Actress Vanessa Williams, who has light skin and eyes, was asked in 2014 to discuss the success of Lupita Nyong’o and whether skin color poses a barrier for dark-skinned women. â€Å"Getting a good role is hard no matter what you look like, and Lupita did a phenomenal job,†Ã‚  Williams said. â€Å"She went to Yale School of Drama and this was the first thing she did out of her tutelage there and she’s a brilliant actress†¦ She’s amazing because she embodied that role and made you feel. â€Å"It’s hard to get good roles anyway, no matter how fair your skin is†¦no matter how brown your skin is. It’s up to you to make the best out of each opportunity that you’re given.†

Identifying Success Factors of Implementing ERP in Small Organisations Dissertation

Identifying Success Factors of Implementing ERP in Small Organisations - Dissertation Example The paper tells that ERP systems are computer software packages that enable companies to manage all of their operations, such as sales, manufacturing, inventory, accounting, etc. using a single platform. ERP systems officially arrived in the early 1990s, though they evolved over the previous few decades as the separate programs of each functional area began to be integrated into one program. The intent of a single integrated software package was to reduce the direct costs associated with multiple packages (re-entering, reformatting, and reconciling redundant data) while aiding the communication between the functional areas of a business, such as sales and production. The market for ERP systems continues to grow faster than any other software market with significant number of companies worldwide have already implemented an ERP system. The vast scope of an ERP system magnifies the typical "risk-reward" relationship of any business initiative. Davenport described ERP systems as profound ly complex pieces of software that require large investments of money, time and expertise. Correspondingly, he stated that although implementing an ERP system could deliver great rewards for a company, implementation failure could be fatal. In fact, many well- known companies experienced significant challenges implementing their ERP systems. This led researchers to provide insight into what organisations could do to increase their chances of implementation success, resulting in the identification of ERP system implementation Critical Success Factors. ... These factors are not specific to any particular ERP software program as they are based on the organisational aspects of the implementation rather than the technical functionality of the program. Examples of such factors include strategic visioning/planning, management support, project management, and training. Proficiently addressing these CSFs should increase the chances of a successful implementation (Ehie, 2005; Thomas & Huq, 2007). However, with so many factors involved in an ERP system implementation project, there can be no guarantee of implementation success. Problem Statement ERP systems, like many other technological advances, were initially implemented only at large organisations. Over the years, software vendors began to provide ERP systems specifically targeted for midsize market price tolerance and functionality requirements, leading more and more small organisations to implement ERP systems. Small organisations have been shown to posses significantly different characte ristics when compared to large organisations (McAdam, 2002, Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996, Lee and Oakes, 1995). Their organisational structures and culture are relatively informal, their leadership is intimately involved in daily operations and typically lack long-term strategic planning. Furthermore, they have limited human and financial resources, and often lack a dedicated full-time Information Technology (IT) person. All of these factors combine into a significantly different organisational environment for an ERP system implementation when compared to large organisations. The existing research on ERP CSFs is heavily based on experiences at large organisations. This is understandable, considering that

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands Assignment - 1

Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands - Assignment Example as an adventuring business woman in London, Jamaica, New Granada, Haiti, and Cuba, and as a woman who, undisturbed by the horrors that were experienced at the battlefields she deployed herself to the Crimean war, her heroine was extraordinary by any standards. In addition to her bibliographical significance, her works are invaluable means of espying how the female subject fashioned her identity, from the socially, racially, and more so the economically disempowered position. The text describes how she exploited historical moments in order to realize and construct a new social identity. The writer has used double coincidence so as to challenge contradictory and conflicting ideas in her identity. When the location shift from Jamaica to England; she finds this site less predictable, unlike the colonial one. She illuminates what she reveals as the psychological migration of colonialism and migration. In the wonderful adventures, the cultural hybridity of Seacole surrenders to the imperialism of Britain as a civilization strength; however, this surrender is not absolute. Seacole’s constant revolt against the marginalization that was imposed by gender and race qualifies her hold for the civil ideals; she even portrays herself as the champion of the English values (Seacole 45). She claims that the British Empire has become a sacred value in her life, and it does not matter whether it represents cultural and social legitimacy at home or abroad, or maybe the much desired protection from the Yankees of New Granada (Seacole 73). The narrative celebrates her single status of being a Jamaican woman. At the age of forty-five, she chooses to defy the English –derived social conventions (Seacole 60). Instead, she decides to carve out of the new life for the sake of adventure, entrepreneur, and professional healing. While telling her story, we realize her attempt to explain the meaning of a true woman based on her individual accomplishments as a Jamaican woman, where color

2.Critically consider the use of eyewitness testimony in criminal Essay

2.Critically consider the use of eyewitness testimony in criminal investigation. In what way have forensic psychologists. contribute to the solution of some of the issues raised about its use - Essay Example There are many reasons why errors in eyewitness evidence can occur. Given a situation where a witness has seen a crime take place from a considerable distance and late at night is less likely to make an accurate identification of the accused than a witness who has had more favourable viewing conditions. A good illustration of the impact of situational variables on eyewitness memory is illustrated by an Australian appeal case, Dominican v Queen4. The accused was charged with attempted murder. The appeal case was based on appellant claims that the trial judge misdirected the jury on the issue of the identification of the gunman by failing to give specific warning concerning various features of the evidence of an eyewitness in the shooting. Nearly nine months elapsed before she formally identified him from photographs that had been altered to show the appellant wearing a wig and a false moustache. By that time, the appellant was a definite suspect. The witness had seen him on television on a number of occasions and allegedly in the vicinity of her home. According to the conditions of witnessing in Dominican case, she saw the gunman some distance away. She was hiding behind another vehicle. He was leaning across the passenger’s seat and he was disguised. Her opportunity to observe him was fleeting. Moreover, her first observation of the gunman took place after about 30 shots had been fired in her direction, after she had seen her husband shot through the hand, and after her husband physically pushed her head down. The direction the judge gave to the jury stated:† His Honour told the jury that ‘(s)udden and unexpected acts of violence such as Mrs F described in this case, can affect people caught up in the events in different ways. The terror of the occasion can serve to impress indelibly on the minds of some people the features of any one they see involved in it. With other people the effect may be

Marine Biodiversity as a Part of Public Goods Essay

Marine Biodiversity as a Part of Public Goods - Essay Example In the recent past, over-fishing done by greedy individuals has led to an imbalance in the marine ecosystem. The general worries that scientists and conservationists have on over-fishing and pulverization of habitats are set apart in many parts of the biosphere and the result is that they have harmed the marine environment irreversibly. Disturbance of this adjusted biological system by individuals for medicinal drugs, food, tourism and trading activities hinder the development, ecosystem.Governments have come up with standard procedures and measures to solve the problem of over-exploitation of fisheries. The latter being a good example to highlight on how aspects of marine conservation have been carried out in the past. Overfishing is believed to arise from two possibilities in marine ecosystem; first, fisheries as a resource brings forth rivalry when it comes to consumption. This is due to the fact that the exact value and benefit of one fish caught by a fisherman cannot be enjoyed by the other. Secondly, the fishermen cannot be restricted from using the fisheries since it is a public good. Consequently, the agencies that manage fisheries use equipment and methods that focus on addressing basic issues brought by over-fishing (Geuss 117). For example, putting restrictions on inputs such as the vessel sizes, limiting the output, in this case, the total catch for every resource user. Lastly, the right of accessing the fisheries or pastures in case of pastoralists can also be limited.

Steategic management- ADOBE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Steategic management- ADOBE - Research Paper Example The company has a well defined corporate strategic management base employing some of the best skills circling basic the realms of corporate resources. This paper purports to explore the basic concepts that Adobe utilizes through marketing, financial strategies, Research and Development, Human Resource Management, Information Technology and Operation and Logistics, evaluating which of them is most competent to the business and how they are relevant to the future of the business. It also looks into the viable internal factors that management can outsource to other companies, while looking at the future of the business and its ability to remain relevant in a diversifying and competing business environment (Morden, 398). As a research driven company, Adobe researchers strive to remain on their toes in order to remain relevant in the ever changing information technology world. Researchers ensure to create the best innovations for clients. To make this doable, the company employs passionate individuals, who remain committed leaders and trustworthy to the creativity process. The company ensures that the innovators get the support they need and gives them the freedom to roam around their ideas. Additionally, the company holds collaborative projects with other companies as well as universities. The universities’ Information Technology Faculties are important because in order to advance to the future, technological advancement is core especially in the Information Systems and Technology techniques, which is the main focus of Adobe Company. Adobe’s inter-faculty relationship strategies between IT and engineering in collaborating universities make the research and development practice sharp ed ged. Consequently, the company provides some of the best software in the market like Content-Aware Fill in Photoshop CS5. It also invests heavily in employing PhD researchers who provide radical innovations for the company’s

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

Translation and Technology Essay Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Series Editors’ Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction 1 Definition of Terms Machine translation Human-aided machine translation Machine-aided human translation Human translation The localization industry Conclusion 2 Translation Studies and Translation Technology Translation theory Academic and professional groups in translation Linguistic theories in machine translation systems Translation studies The translation process Conclusion 3 Machine. Translation Systems Major historical developments Architectures Hybrid and interactive  machine translation systems Online machine translation systems Commercial machine translation systems Reasons for using machine translation systems Conclusion vii ix xii xiv xvi 1 6 8 11 13 14 19 20 22 22 26 30 36 43 55 57 58 66 84 85 87 89 91 viii Contents. 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Resources Workbenches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided translation tools Standards for data interchange Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods General frameworks for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 Recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with speech technology. Translation systems for minority languages Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The localization industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships between topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index 93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9. Classification of translation types Machine translation model Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided machine translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model Example of sentence representations Holmes’ schema of translation studies. A schema of  applied translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an English SL text and its pre-edited version Unedited and post-edited Spanish machine translation output Example of natural and controlled languages Example of original English text and its AECMA simplified English version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illustration of the translation process using a machine translation system. Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix 7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2. Statistical-based model Probabilities workflow in the statistical-based approach Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory system Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems. Flowchart to illustrate how to build a parallel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word ‘round’ Types of tool used in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMX  data-sharing Example of a header in TMX. Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation element in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Future-use model of translation technology. Speech technology in translation 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 120 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20. Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for ‘bow’ Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database. Classification of commercial computer-aided translation tools Degree of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups. and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5. 1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors’ Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the one hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the command of other languages a less compelling commodity. On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of many recent social, political and economic developments; these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the ease of travel, telecommunications, commercial pressures raising awareness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened awareness of linguistic and human rights. Today, linguistically oriented students wishing to pursue a career in which they are able to further their interest in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interpreting play an important part rather than traditional Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interpreting have been extended, particularly as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media. The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the context of modern media such as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes. And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the police officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a different continent, have extended the previously physically confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas open up opportunities for the professional linguist, they also point to expanding areas of research in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, especially in the case of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Studies. As a result, the first aim of this series, written primarily for the MA and advanced undergraduate student, is to highlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation. The second aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors’ Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline. Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contributions. This book would have taken more time to complete if it had not been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched background information for me. Words cannot express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on helping to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7. I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where most of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward Library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help. I would also like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright material in this book: John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1; Eugene Nida and the Linguistic Society of America for the translation process in Chapter 2; John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc. for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2; Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI Malay–English dictionary entry in Chapter 3; Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the building of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4; Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4; Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6; Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, Springer Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6. To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English into Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering some of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xv  To Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my ‘sifu’ and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffee–biscuit sessions years ago. If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding due to my ‘country-hopping’ from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations. ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG Terminology of Telecommunications European Association of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries Association of America Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee Automatic Language Processing System Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language. Translator Japanese to English Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and Defence American Translators Association British American Scientific International, Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne d’Evaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English Central Intelligence Agency Center of International Cooperation for Computerization Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar. Technical English Chinese University Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii. ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer European. Terminology Database Aerospace  and Defence Industries Association of Europe European Translation Infrastructure d’EVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe d’Etude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive. Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International Organization for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data Consortium Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine Readable Terminology Interchange Format xviii List of Abbreviations. MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information Retrieval Machine. Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use Patent  Translation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English Sentence Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup. Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a l’Universite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies: Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xix WebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Ontology World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is reflected in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources. The majority of books and articles on translation technology focusing on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of view of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focused on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be useful to professional translators and those interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed. Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are included. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further investigate specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and every one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best; they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technology While researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a number of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will show that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature seems to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems. As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from the most basic to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be found in translator magazines and occasionally also posted on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. Again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems. Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the impression that they are not related to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some described in greater detail than others. In some chapters, an abbreviated historical background has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation. However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a later time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of every chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools. In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for; in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the perspective of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters. An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types – fully automated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation – first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in relation to topics described in the book. The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the relationship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined. This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories – known as ‘formalisms’ in natural-language processing – especially in the design of machine translation systems. A different perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called ‘controlled language’ is also presented. This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as ‘architectures’. The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems. Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is every reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are moving towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory. The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so ‘standards for data interchange’ have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed. In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation: human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe. The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided translation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters. The sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech. This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken. Another form of technology called the ‘Semantic Web’ that has the potential to improve the performance of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry. The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is concluded that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology. Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book. It is not possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and easily even in this way. This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia. Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent; at the time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ machine translation (MT); machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT); human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT); computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT); machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT); fully automatic high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear. For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it ‘machine-aided translation’ (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, ‘computer-aided translation’ is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term ‘aided’ is chosen instead of ‘assisted’, as also in ‘human-aided machine translation’ and ‘machine-aided human translation’. Figure 1. 1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992: 148). This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to sustain as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation; CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source: Classification of translation types Hutchins and Somers (1992): 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully automatic high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention. At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003: 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear.

Voice Disorders in Child Communication

Voice Disorders in Child Communication Voice disorders are the most fairly common communication disorder in children.   Voice disorders can be developed throughout the lifespan of an individual.   Currently around 7% to 9% of children develop a voice disorder.   Voice disorders can be characterised by hoarseness, occasional loss of voice, vocal fatigue and unusually low or high pitch. Voice disorders are generally classified as: Vocal abuse Neurogenic disorders Psychogenic disorders Alaryngeal communication They are often associated with: Lots of screaming and yelling; Recurrent infections of the upper airway; Reflux Different subtypes: Vocal Cord Paralysis Vocal Cord Nodules and Polyps Paradoxical Vocal Fold Movement Spasmodic Dysphonia References: Justice, L. (2006). Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction (1st ed., pp. Chp 11.14-23). New Jersey: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall. Voice Fact Sheets. (2016). Speechpathologyaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/spaweb/Document_Management/Public/Fact_Sheets.aspx#anchor_voice A Speech Pathologists role in working with a child who has a voice disorder is to treat them.   Speech pathologists treat children with a voice disorder through common treatments such as vocal techniques, therapies, and work in conjunction with teachers and Ear, Nose and Throat doctors to help a child produce the best possible speech quality and normal vocal sound production. Assessment of voice disorders: †¢ Voice quality can be screened, (evaluation of vocal characteristics) †¢ A comprehensive assessment is conducted for children suspected of having a voice disorder, using both standardized and nonstandardized measures. †¢ Disorders that relate to the structure and function are physical characteristics that must be diagnosed by a physician (ear nose and throat doctor specialist (ENT)) Reference: BuildnCare Therapy,. (2017). Retrieved from http://buildncare.com/speech-therapy/ Voice Fact Sheets. (2016). Speechpathologyaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/spaweb/Document_Management/Public/Fact_Sheets.aspx#anchor_voice The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) is the best framework to use to understand and asses the impact that a voice disorder has on a childs quality of life.   As it covers all aspects of an individuals life that a voice disorder may impact. By using an internationally recognised model that consists of; à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Body Functions and Structures à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Activity and Participation à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Environmental Factors. à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Personal Factors References: 1st day as an english teacher,. (2013). Retrieved from http://1st-day-as-an-english-teacher.blogspot.com.au/2013/02/how-to-teach-kids-to-not-talk-during.html Rebecca is a 9 year old girl who has an outgoing, loud, bubbly personality. Rebecca loves to sing and act and is the lead in both her school choir and drama group.   At a weekly rehearsal with her choir group Rebecca began to experience frequent coughing and clearing of her throat. Her choir teacher suggest that Rebecca should go visit the school speech pathologist.   After her session with the school speech pathologist Rebecca was diagnosed with Vocal Cord Nodules which is benign growths on both her vocal cords. Rebecca is now receiving treatment to correct the behaviour that was causing the problem.   As a result Rebecca can no longer for the time being be the lead in her school choir and drama club and as a result cannot perform in the yearly singing under the moonlight concert. Rebecca now also find it difficult to verbally communicate as she experiences discomfort which has lead to her spending no time with her friends who are all part of the drama or choir group. This has lead to Rebecca feeling lonely and left out as she is unable to effectively participate in her groups.    Body Functions and Structures †¢ Diagnosed with vocal nodules due to vocal abuse †¢ Rough vocal quality Activities and Participation †¢ Unable to perform for longer than 2 minutes without vocal discomfort †¢ Not able to fully participate in choir and drama club †¢ Unable to perform lead role in concert †¢ Reduced ability to talk due to discomfort Environmental and Personal Factors †¢Age:9 †¢School girl singer and actor †¢Talkative and outgoing person References: Australian girls choir,. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ausgirlschoir.com.au/About-agc/Latest-News/2012/AGC-National-Tour

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

The roots of Affirmative Action can be traced back to the passage of the Civil Rights Act where legislation redefined public and private behavior. The act states that to discriminate in private is legal, but anything regarding business or public discrimination is illegal. There are two instances when opposing affirmative action might seem the wrong thing to do. The nobility of the cause that help others. Affirmative Action was a great starter for equality in the work place. The most promanite variable in deciding Affirmative Action as right or wrong, is whether or not society is going to treat people as groups or individuals. Affirmative Action is a question of morals. The simplicity to form two morals that are both correct but conflicting is the reason for the division of our nation on Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is very noble when looking at who benefits from the outcome. Let us take a closer look at Affirmative Action. The people that are involved and the damage it takes on our society arouses many doubts. Taking a closer look also stirs up a question of nobility that needs to be answered before making a decision on Affirmative Action. Does Affirmative Action simply change who is discriminated against and makes it legal for the new discriminators? Coming from my point of view, the view of a white male, this is a serious question. The job reviews of supervisors and others involved in hiring should address race and sex. Each review should have a hiring goal of at least half of our new employees being women and at least half non-white. Lets put this strategy to work. We have ten positions to fill, these positions can be filled following the above guidelines by hiring five black women. It can also be met by hiring five white women and five non-white men. Obviously to successfully meet this goal would mean to not hire a white male. People strongly disagree with their white forefathers and society today which address race and sex when hiring. Using a persons skin color in hiring is discrimination no matter how society looks at it. The whole idea behind Affirmative Action is to right the wrongs of the past. Well, what about the individuals that were not even born when this atrocity of discrimination was going on? Society should not punish the youth for the crimes of their white male fore... ... not force them into the work force or Universities. Some Universities here in the United States have based enrollment on College Board's and SAT's or ACT's, none of which show intelligence levels. Rather these test's show the standards of education that the individual has encountered. These test scores sometimes become a form of discrimination against minorities. Because they are not fluent in how the test are held and are supposed to know the same amount. Another form of evaluating students is where the Universities and government need to focus, to establish a standard in education that spans across all levels of income. Affirmative Action is definitely not the answer for equality today. Now it is time to apply new moral threats, not towards the employers and colleges but towards the government. For it is the government that needs to change its polices. The government needs to take action towards the real problems of equality: poverty, not the bad white man from the past. Affirmative action is simply the same old discrimination in reverse. It seems that the minorities are the ones with the advantage when there should be no advantage to anyone.

Tom and lily contrasted :: essays research papers

The Final   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone in a story is bound to be a dynamic character for it to become more interesting. Samuel, Lily, and Tom were all filling this role as dynamic characters in these two stories. This essay of the stories Searching for Summer and A Son from America will be analyzed. They will first be explained in how Tom and Lily went to a Ms. Hatchings house, and also will speak of why Samuel went to America. The essay will explain the reasons for coming back and what some of their worries were about. Then last in this essay there will be a part on the similarities of the endings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story Searching for Summer there was a man named Tom and a lady named Lily. They got married and then after that they went to look for a bit of sunshine. They got married and went a little trip to find that sunshine. They drove their scooter to look for this sunshine but on the way it broke down. It so happens that this scooter broke down in a little town of Molesworth. A man named Mr. Nokes greeted them who you could say came off them as a little different. He was nice enough though to offer a room to them until their scooter got fixed in his little pub that he owned. Tom and Lily instead found this purse that this lady had left there by an accident and went on to ask Mr. Nokes where bouts they would be able to find the owner. After Mr. Nokes told them where they could find Ms. Hatching’s house they were off to return the purse to this lady. When Tom and Lily finally came to Ms. Hatchings house where they gave the purse back to her and then Ms. Hatc hings Son who was blind offered Tom and Lily to stay with them. Tom and Lily agreed to stay with the Hatchings and when Tom and Lily woke up the next morning they were amazed to see the sun shining high and bright.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In A Son from America Samuel went to America at suck a young age because he wanted to make himself a better life then his parents and he also wanted a better life for his parents. He didn’t want to have to go out in the sun every day and work for long days and only have enough to make it by he wanted more.

Media Review: On Climate Change

Even before the post-contemporary period, various environmental problems have been detected as one of the principal factors that affect the change on the way of life all over the world. It is for the reason that environment serves as the prime setting wherein people do their thing and improve their way of living. Climate change has been one of the factors that people consider in performing their daily tasks and endeavors. It has significantly seen as something that changes the outline of the world and civilizations, geographically and sociologically wise. Global Warming is not a new issue. Global warming is the primary cause of sudden climate change that tends to make the climate hotter (Tyagi). The greenhouse gases are trapped in the atmosphere which makes the increase in temperature. This effects of this phenomenon are severe such that all regions of are feeling and witnessing them. The melting of the ice caps of the Polar Regions is one of its effects likewise, drought and intense heat (Tyagi). These effects have also bad effects on mankind’s daily activities. Vegetations and agriculture have been sternly affected by climate change. Various diseases that are triggered from having a very high temperature are also detected to debilitate the health of the people (Tyagi). These are just some of the ill-effects of untoward climate change. Nevertheless, such detrimental effects of extreme climate change could be treated and even prevented from impairing the world and the mankind. By being aware and involved on campaigns and programs that tend to rehabilitate the environment, one could really be assured that the problem on climate change could be addressed if not instantly at least gradually. Lastly, environmental issues should not be used for selfish interests and political propaganda. No matter how perfect the economy and the politics of one country if the environment is at risk, all the things that it has would disappear if environment problems would not be addressed and given priority. Work Cited: Tyagi, Avinash. Climate Change and Global Warming. Rajat Publications , 2006. Â  

Financial Statement Analysis of Ibm

Financial Statement Analysis of IBM Financial Statement Analysis of IBM I. Company Facts IBM – International Business Machines Corporation The home office of IBM is located in Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, United States. IBM was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR) through a merger of three companies: the Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, and the Computing Scale Company.CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America. Standard Industrial Classification Codes are 7379 which are mainly on computer and relative stuff. Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IBM now is Virginia M. Rometty. Chairman of the Board of IBM now is Samuel J. Palmisano. The end date of recent fiscal year of IBM is Dec. 31st 2011. Main services IBM provides include business consulting, IT related services, outsourcing service and traini ng.Main products IBM provides include mainframe, software, system and storage. IBM’s major operations consist of five business segments: Global Technology Services, Global Business Services, Software, Systems and Technology and Global Financing. In the latest fiscal year, IBM has an amount of 433,362 wholly owned employees all over the world. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) is the independent auditor retained to audit IBM’s consolidated financial Statements and the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting.The stock ticker symbol is IBM. IBM common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Chicago Stock Exchange, and outside the United States. And the latest stock price was $188. 32 on Nov. 14th 2012 on NYSE. II. Business and Strategy Analysis 1. Industry Description and Competitive Anlysis Since IBM is a highly diversified company, it concentrates on several industries at the same time. So let’s say IBM mainly concentra tes on the computer related hardware and software manufacturing industries. As we all now, these two industries supplement each other and depend on each other while the most competitive companies always work on both industries at the same time. The computer related software and hardware manufacturing industry is characterized by significant research and development activity and rapid technological change. The rapid pace of innovation in this sector creates a constant demand for newer and faster products and applications. While the sector has grown faster than most other industries over the past several decades, it faces challenges from rising costs, global market share, and the rapid pace of innovation.The main competitors for IBM now are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft. Here I will use the Porter five forces analysis to give a competitive analysis among these four companies. Threat of new competition: The market of this industry is profitable in some parts like high-level softw are and frames, not too profitable in some other parts like PCs. So we can say the market is still profitable and is attracting the new entrants, which has the possibility to decrease profitability for all firms in this industry.While in this industry, because of the existence of several big companies, the barriers to entry are relatively high which are non-profitable for the new entry firms. The several big companies have held very high brand equity, customer loyalty, efficient distribution methods and scale effect to decrease the costs and increase the profits. There is not too much threat from the new firms to compete with IBM, there are high possibility for other main competitors like HP, Dell and Microsoft to enter the markets where IBM is making high profit, well they have the R&D capabilities.But to make the biggest profits, although IBM's main competitors are Hewlett-Packard, Dell and Microsoft, each of these companies has a different focus area. Dell makes most of its money on PC and server hardware, while Hewlett-Packard is more diversified as the leader in PCs and Imaging ; Printing as well as offering IT services and Microsoft concentrates on the computer software development. So we can conclude that there is threat of new competition, but the level is relatively low.Threat of substitute products or services: The threat of substitute products or services is relatively high compared with the threat of new competition. Also these threats come from the main competitors. For products, such as PC, most customers will compare the price, screen size, life time and other attributes instead of just the brand the same way as services such as IT consulting etc. Bargaining power of customers: The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs: the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes.In this factor, because customers of these two industries have many channe ls to access the products and services, high information availability, different choices, differentiated advantages of products and customers is also kind of price sensitive. So we can conclude that the bargaining power of customers is strong. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm, when there are few substitutes.Because there are plenty of suppliers in most parts, presence of substitute keeps being produced, degree of differentiation of inputs is not high enough and supplier competition is very strong. Then we can conclude that bargaining power of suppliers is also in a lower level. Intensity of competitive rivalry: Intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Sustainable competitive advantages through innovation, all these four big competitive companies have strong R&D team and invest much money on it.And we can always see the advertisements of their products anywhere. Each company has a differentiated competitive strategy to concentrate on their own areas and holds sustainable competitive advantages through innovation. So we can conclude that the intensity of competitive rivalry is very high. Given the Porter five forces analysis above, here we have a general conclusion that computer related hardware and software industries are relatively highly competitive and sustainable based on the current situation and future development trends.There do have some profitable niche market and some areas can be developed further. The big four companies have their own advantages and emphasis and also compete heavily with each other. There is no easy way for each of them to lead in all. 2. Industry’s Future Prospects Assessment When we come to talk about the future prospects of computer related hardware and software in dustries, I’m sure that it will not be that promising like nanotechnology or genetic therapy which is still in research period, since he computer related hardware and software industries have been developed many years, most of products, technologies and services have been mature enough. But it is still profitable and sustainable because the world has been established based on these two industries. Without their support, the world cannot step forward even a little. And the intense competition and fast replacement speed will drive these two industries to be developed faster and faster.There may be some lawsuits and governmental regulations there confronting companies, such as the plagiarization, copyright infringement, anti-monopoly, cutthroat competition, tax issue, local protection and so on. These will be the main legal issues that companies of two these industries are certainly meeting now and will still never end in the future. Plagiarization and copyright infringement wil l be the two main issues that these companies should pay more emphasis on cuz these two are the vital parts for them to keep their competitive advantages and make profits.Incorporating the relative small companies may be judged by the court saying it is buying the potential competitor due to the concern of monopoly of government. Cutthroat competition may not happen, while once it happened, it will certainly be a disaster. Tax issue and the local protection are always come together. Local government may protect the local companies by dealing high tax to the foreign competitors. Furthermore, due to the fast replacement speed, the price of products and services in these two industries will never be high as long as there is no monopoly.So the cost control is one of the key parts to determine these companies’ future. And innovation will never be too much. 3. Summarization and Evaluation of IBM’s Future Goals and Strategies The next decade holds enormous promise for IBM. Th ey are uniquely positioned to deliver the benefits of a vast new natural resource – a gusher of data from both man-made and natural systems that can now be tapped to help businesses and institutions succeed in an increasingly complex and dynamic global economy.IBM has steadily realigned its business to lead in a new era of computing and to enable its clients to benefit from the new capabilities that era is creating. As a consequence, its investors benefit from a business model that is both sustainable over the long term and fueled by some of the world’s most attractive high-growth markets and technologies. It will be on track toward its 2015 Road Map goal of at least $20 in operation earnings per share and $20 billion in revenue growth by 2015. This goal for IBM is quite suitable.There are four high-growth spaces as following, growth markets, business analytics, cloud and smarter planet. These four spaces IBM is working hard on will certainly drive to high profits due to its high emphasis and profession. The world is undergoing disruption, but IBM now stands out among its industry peers and in business at large as distinctively able to keep moving to the future, and to keep generating differentiating value for its clients, its employees and the citizens of the world. III. Accounting AnalysisThe accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and foot notes of the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM or the company) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). 1. Revenue The revenue recognition principle provides guidance on when a company must recognize revenue. To recognize means to record it. If revenue is recognized too early, a company would look more profitable than it is. If revenue is recognized too late, a company would look less profitable than it is. The company recognizes revenue when it is realized or realizable and earned.The company considers revenu e realized or realizable and earned when it has persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Delivery does not occur until products have been shipped or services have been provided to the client, risk of loss has transferred to the client, and either client acceptance has been obtained, client acceptance provisions have lapsed, or the company has objective evidence that the criteria specified in the client acceptance provisions have been satisfied.The sales price is not considered to be fixed or determinable until all contingencies related to the sale have been resolved. IBM’s revenue was growing in an increasing speed and its pre-tax income margin grew from 18. 9 percent in 2009 to 19. 7 percent in 2010 to 20. 02 percent in 2011 which is the ninth consecutive increasing year. If only based on this, IBM was doing better and better in last three years. 2. Major Expenses The expe nse recognition (or matching) principle, prescribes that a company record the expenses it incurred to generate the revenue reported.The expense recognition (or matching) principle aims to record expenses in the same accounting period as the revenues that are earned as a result of those expenses. This matching of expenses with the revenue benefits is a major part of the adjusting process. Under the accrual basis of accounting, expenses are recognized when incurred, usually when goods are received or services are consumed. This may not be when the goods or services are actually paid for. The point at which an expense is recognized is dependent on the nature of the transaction or other event that gives rise to the expense.The major expense of IBM includes stock-based compensation, prepared expense, advertising and promotional expense, research expense, development expense, engineering expense, workforce rebalancing charges, retirement-related costs, amortization of acquired intangibles assets, interest expense and other expense. Below tables show the main expenses IBM recognized from 2009 to 2011. Table 3-2-1 Total Expense and Other Income ($ in millions) For the year ended December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009|Total consolidated expense and other (income)| $29,135| $26,291| $25,647| Total operating (non-GAAP) expense and other (income) | $28,875| $26,202| $25,603| Total consolidated expense-to-revenue ratio| 27. 30%| 26. 30%| 26. 80%| Operating (non-GAAP) expense-to-revenue ratio| 27. 00%| 26. 20%| 26. 70%| We can see from this table that the expense is increasing with time goes on. While compared with the increasing speed of revenue and that of expense-to-revenue, we can figure out a little bit progress on expense control of IBM. Table 3-2-2 Selling, General and Administrative ($ in millions) For the year ended December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009|Selling, general and administrative expense| | | | Selling, general and administrative—other| $20,287| $18,585| $17,872| Advertising and promotional expense| $1,373| $1,337| $1,255| Workforce rebalancing charges| $440| $641| $474| Retirement-related costs| $603| $494| $503| Amortization of acquired intangibles assets| $289| $253| $285| Stock-based compensation| $514| $488| $417| Bad debt expense| $88| $40| $147| Total consolidated selling, general and administrative expense| $23,594| $21,837| $20,952| Non-operating adjustments| | | |Amortization of acquired intangible assets| ($289)| ($253)| ($285)| Acquisition-related charges| ($20)| ($41)| ($8)| Non-operating retirement-related (costs)/income| ($13)| $84| $127| Operating (non-GAAP) selling, general and administrative expense| $23,272| $21,628| $20,787| Table 3-2-3 Research, Development and Engineering ($ in millions) For the year ended December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009| Total consolidated research, development and engineering| $6,258| $6,026| $5,820| Operating (non-GAAP) research, development and engineering| $6,345| $6,152| $5,943| Table 3-2-4 Interes t Expense ($ in millions)For the year ended December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009| Interest expense| $411| $368| $402| From all the tables above, we can find that the most important or the highest portion of the expense is the selling, general and administrative expense which includes most of the expense. 3. Investments IBM’s 2009 cash investment was $1. 2 billion for six acquisitions — five of them in key areas of software. And after investing $ 5. 8 billion in R &D and $3. 7 billion in net capital expenditures, IBM was able to return more than $10 billion to you — $7. billion through share repurchase and $2. 9 billion through dividends. Last year’s dividend increase was 10 percent, marking the 14th year in a row in which it has raised its dividend. IBM’s 2010 cash flow has enabled it to invest in the business and to generate substantial returns to investors. Our 2010 cash investment was $6 billion for 17 acquisitions— 13 of them in key areas of s oftware. After investing $6 billion in R&D and $4 billion in net capital expenditures, IBM was able to return more than $18 billion to you— $15. billion through share repurchases and $3. 2 billion through dividends. Last year’s dividend increase was 18 percent, marking the 15th year in a row in which it has raised its dividend. Over the past decade, IBM has returned $107 billion to you in the form of dividends and share repurchases, while investing $70 billion in capital expenditures and acquisitions, and almost $60 billion in R&D. IBM’s 2011 cash flow has enabled IBM to invest in the business and to generate substantial returns to investors, while spending $6. billion on R&D. In 2011 IBM invested $1. 8 billion for five acquisitions in key areas of software and $4. 1 billion in net capital expenditures. IBM was able to return $18. 5 billion to you — $15 billion through share repurchases and $3. 5 billion through dividends. Last year’s dividend incr ease was 15 percent, marking the 16th year in a row in which IBM has raised its dividend, and the 96th consecutive year in which it has paid one. From the table and the description above, the R&D investment was always above 5% of total revenue.IBM put much emphasis on its R&D to keep the sustainable development and competitive advantages. 4. Inventories Raw materials, work in process and finished goods are stated at the lower of average cost or market. Cash flows related to the sale of inventories are reflected in net cash from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Table 3-4-1 Inventories ($ in millions) At December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009| Finished goods| $589| $432| $533| Work in process and raw materials| $2,007| $2,018| $1,960| Total| $2,595| $2,450| $2,494| 5.Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of cert ain depreciable assets are as follows: buildings, 30 to 50 years; building equipment, 10 to 20 years; land improvements, 20 years; plant, laboratory and office equipment, 2 to 20 years; and computer equipment, 1. 5 to 5 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the related lease term, rarely exceeding 25 years.Below is the table of Property, Plant and Equipment from 2009 to 2011 including the depreciation. Table 3-5-1 Property, Plant and Equipment ($ in millions) At December 31:| 2011| 2010| 2009| Land and land improvements| $786| $777| $737| Buildings and building improvements| $9,531| $9,414| $9,314| Plant, laboratory and office equipment| $26,843| $26,676| $9,314| Plant and other property—gross| $37,160| $36,867| $35,940| Less: Accumulated depreciation| $24,703| $24,435| $23,485| Plant and other property—net| $12,457| $12,432| $12,455| Rental machines| $2,964| $3,422| $3,656|Less: Accumulated depreciation| $1,538 | $1,758| $1,946| Rental machines—net| $1,426| $1,665| $1,710| Total—net| $13,883| $14,096| $14,165| The data from the table show a relatively steadily decreasing status of IBM’s property, plant and equipment in all. This means a good control and a relatively 6. Goodwill and Intangibles Below tables show the intangibles from 2009 to 2011 Table 3-6-1 Intangibles in 2009 ($ in millions) At December 31, 2009:| GrossCarryingAmount| Accumulated Amortization| Net Carrying Amount| Intangible asset class| | | |Capitalized software| $1,765| ($846)| $919| Client relationships| $1,367| ($677)| $690| Completed technology| $1,222| ($452)| $770| Patents/trademarks| $174| ($59)| $115| Other*| $94| ($75)| $19| Total| $4,622| ($2,109)| $2,513| Table 3-6-2 Intangibles in 2010 ($ in millions) At December 31, 2010:| GrossCarryingAmount| Accumulated Amortization| Net Carrying Amount| Intangible asset class| | | | Capitalized software| $1,558| ($726)| $831| Client relationships| $1,7 09| ($647)| $1,062| Completed technology| $2,111| ($688)| $1,422|In-process R&D| $21| $0| $21| Patents/trademarks| $211| ($71)| $140| Other*| $39| ($28)| $11| Total| $5,649| ($2,161)| $3,488| Table 3-6-3 Intangibles in 2011 ($ in millions) At December 31, 2011:| GrossCarryingAmount| AccumulatedAmortization| NetCarryingAmount| Intangible asset class| | | | Capitalized software| $1,478| ($678)| $799| Client relationships| $1,751| ($715)| $1,035| Completed technology| $2,156| ($745)| $1,411| In-process R&D| $22| ($1)| $21| Patents/trademarks| $207| ($88)| $119| Other*| $29| ($22)| $7| | $5,642| ($2,250)| $3,392|The net carrying amount of intangible assets decreased $96 million during the year ended December 31, 2011, primarily due to amortization, partially offset by intangible asset additions. No impairment of intangible assets was recorded in any of the periods presented. Total amortization was $1,226 million, $1,174 million and $1,221 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2 010 and 2009 respectively. The aggregate intangible amortization expense for acquired intangibles (excluding capitalized software) was $634 million, $517 million and $489 million for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively.In addition, in 2011 the company retired $1,133 million of fully amortized intangible assets, impacting both the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization for this amount. The amortization expense for each of the five succeeding years relating to intangible assets currently recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position is estimated to be the following at December 31, 2011: Table 3-6-4 Estimated consolidated statement of financial position ($ in millions) | Capitalized Software| Acquired Intangibles| Total| 012| $480| $634| $1,113| 2013| $250| $590 | $840 | 2014| $70| $446 | $516 | 2015| —| $340 | $340 | 2016| —| $303 | $303 | The changes in the goodwill balances by reportable segment, for the years ended December 31, 2009, 2010 and 2011, are as follows: Table 3-6-5 Goodwill Balances in 2009 ($ in millions) Segment| Balance anuary 1, 2009| Goodwill Additions| Purchase Price Adjustments| Divestitures| Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments| Balance December 31, 2009|Global Business Services| $3,870 | —| —| —| $172 | $4,042 | Global Technology Services| $2,616 | $10 | $1 | —| $150 | $2,777 | Software| $10,966 | $994 | ($50)| ($13)| $708 | $12,605 | Systems and Technology| $772 | —| ($7)| —| $1 | $12,605 | Total| $18,226 | $1,004 | ($56)| ($13)| $1,031 | $20,190 | Table 3-6-6 Goodwill Balances in 2010 ($ in millions) Segment| Balance anuary 1, 2010| Goodwill Additions| Purchase Price Adjustments| Divestitures| Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments| Balance December 31, 2010|Global Business Services| $4,042 | $252 | $0 | —| $35 | $4,329 | Global Technology Services| $2,777 | $32 | ($1)| —| ($104)| $2,704 | S oftware| $12,605 | $4,095 | ($52)| —| $315 | $16,963 | Systems and Technology| $766 | $375 | ($1)| —| ($1)| $1,139 | Total| $20,190 | $4,754 | ($54)| —| $245 | $25,136 | Table 3-6-7 Goodwill Balances in 2009 ($ in millions) Segment| Balance anuary 1, 2011| Goodwill Additions| Purchase Price Adjustments| Divestitures| Foreign Currency Translation and Other Adjustments| Balance December 31, 2011|Global Business Services| $4,329 | $14 | $0 | ($10)| ($20)| $4,313 | Global Technology Services| $2,704 | —| ($1)| ($2)| ($55)| $2,646 | Software| $16,963 | $1,277 | $10 | ($2)| ($127)| $18,121 | Systems and Technology| $1,139 | —| ($6)| —| $0 | $1,133 | Total| $25,136 | $1,291 | $2 | ($13)| ($203)| $26,213 | Purchase price adjustments recorded in the 2011, 2010 and 2009 were related to acquisitions that were completed on or prior to December 31, 2010, 2009 or 2008 respectively, and were still subject to the measurement period that ends at the earlier of 12 months from the acquisition date or when information becomes available.There were no goodwill impairment losses recorded in 2011, 2010 or 2009 and the company has no accumulated impairment losses. IV. Financial Analysis 1. Financial Ratio Display and Interpretation 2. 1 Liquidity and Efficiency Ratios a. Current ratio 2011 Current ratio=Current assetsCurrent liabilities=50,92842,123=1. 21:1 2010 Current ratio=Current assetsCurrent liabilities=48,11640,562=1. 19:1 The current ratio is a financial ratio that measures whether or not a firm has enough resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. It compares a firm's current assets to its current liabilities.Here, we can conclude that IBM is totally able to pay for its debt. b. Quick ratio (Acid-test ratio) 2011 Quick ratio=Cash+Short-term investments+ Current receivablesCurrent liabilities=11,922+4,895+18,38242,123=0. 84:1 2010 Quick ratio=Cash+Short-term investments+ Current receivablesCurrent liabilities=10,661++4,895+17, 39140,562=0. 81:1 Quick assets are cash, short-term investments, and current receivables. These are the most liquid types of current assets. The acid-test ratio, also called quick ratio, reflects on a company’s short-term liquidity.The quick ratio is more conservative than the current ratio, a more well-known liquidity measure, because it excludes inventory from current assets. Inventory is excluded because some companies have difficulty turning their inventory into cash. Here, the quick ratio is pretty good for IBM. c. Accounts receivable turnover 2011 Accounts receivable turnover=Net salesAverage accounts receivable, net=106,91617,886. 5=5. 97 times 2010 Accounts receivable turnover=Net salesAverage accounts receivable, net=99,87016,724=5. 97 timesAn accounting measure used to quantify a firm's effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets. d. Inventory tur nover 2011 Inventory turnover=Cost of goods soldAverage inventory=56,7782,522. 5=22. 51 times 2010 Inventory turnover=Cost of goods soldAverage inventory=53,8572,472=21. 89 times The Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times inventory is sold or used in a time period such as a year. e. Days’ sales uncollected 011 Days’ sales uncollected=Accounts receivable, netNet sales*365=18,382106,916*365=62. 75 days 2010 Days’ sales uncollected=Accounts receivable, netNet sales*365=17,39199,870*365=63. 56 days Accounts receivable turnover provides insight into how frequently a company collects its accounts. Days’ sales uncollected is one measure of this activity. f. Days’ sales in inventory 2011 Days’ sales in inventory=Ending inventoryCost of goods sold*365=2,59556,778*365=16. 68 days 2010 Days’ sales in inventory=Ending inventoryCost of goods sold*365=2,45053,857*365=16. 0 days Days’ sales in inventory is a useful measure in evaluating inventory liquidity. A measure of how quickly a company turns its inventory into sales. Days’ sales in inventory is linked to inventory in a way that days’ sales uncollected is linked to receivables. g. Total assets turnover 2011 Total assets turnover=Net salesAverage total assets=106,916114,942. 5=0. 93 times 2010 Total assets turnover=Net salesAverage total assets=99,870111,237=0. 90 times The total asset turnover ratio measures the ability of a company to use its assets to efficiently generate sales.This ratio considers all assets, current and fixed. Those assets include fixed assets, like plant and equipment, as well as inventory, accounts receivable, as well as any other current assets. 2. 2 Solvency Ratios a. Debt ratio 2011 Debt ratio=Total liabilitiesTotal assets=96,197 116,433 =82. 6% 2010 Debt ratio=Total liabilitiesTotal assets=90,279113,452=79. 6% A ratio that indicates what proportion of debt a company has relative to its assets. The measure giv es an idea to the leverage of the company along with the potential risks the company faces in terms of its debt-load. b. Equity ratio 011 Equity ratio=Total equityTotal assets=20,236116,433=17. 4% 2010 Equity ratio=Total equityTotal assets=23,172113,452=20. 4% A financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of equity used to finance a company's assets. The two components are often taken from the firm's balance sheet or statement of financial position (so-called book value), but the ratio may also be calculated using market values for both, if the company's equities are publicly traded. c. Interest coverage ratio 2011 Interest coverage ratio=Income before interest expense and income taxesInterest expense=22,904411=55. times 2010 Interest coverage ratio=Income before interest expense and income taxesInterest expense=20,923368=56. 9 times A metric used to measure a company's ability to meet its debt obligations. It is calculated by taking a company's earnings before interest and t axes (EBIT) and dividing it by the total interest payable on bonds and other contractual debt. It is usually quoted as a ratio and indicates how many times a company can cover its interest charges on a pretax basis. Failing to meet these obligations could force a company into bankruptcy. 2. Profitability Ratios a. Return on total assets 2011 Return on total assets=Net incomeAverage total assets=15,855114,942. 5=13. 8% 2010 Return on total assets=Net incomeAverage total assets=14,833 111,237=13. 3% A ratio that measures a company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) against its total net assets. The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a company is using its assets to generate earnings before contractual obligations must be paid. b. Return on equity 2011 Return on equity=Net income-Preferred dividendsAverage equity=15,855-3,47321704=57. % 2010 Return on equity=Net income-Preferred dividendsAverage equity=14,833- 3,177 22963. 5=50. 8% The amount of net income ret urned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Return on equity measures a corporation's profitability by revealing how much profit a company generates with the money shareholders have invested. c. Net income as a percentage of net sales (Profit margin ratio) 2011 Net income as a percentage of net sales=Net incomeNet sales=15,855106,916=14. 8% 2010 Net income as a percentage of net sales=Net incomeNet sales=14,833 99,870=14. % A ratio of profitability calculated as net income divided by revenues, or net profits divided by sales. It measures how much out of every dollar of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. Profit margin is very useful when comparing companies in similar industries. A higher profit margin indicates a more profitable company that has better control over its costs compared to its competitors. d. Gross profit rate (Gross margin ratio) 2011 Gross profit rate=Net sales-Cost of goods soldNet sales=106,916-56,778106,916=46. 9% 2010 Gross profit rate=Net sales-Cost o f goods soldNet sales=99,870-5385799,870=46. % A company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage. The gross margin represents the percent of total sales revenue that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by a company. The higher the percentage, the more the company retains on each dollar of sales to service its other costs and obligations. 2. 4 Market ratios a. Price-Earnings ratio 2011 Price-Earnings ratio=Market price per common shareEarnings per share=183. 8813. 25=13. 9:1 010 Price-Earnings ratio=Market price per common shareEarnings per share=146. 7611. 69=12. 6:1 P/E ratio is an equity valuation measure defined as market price per share divided by annual earnings per share. b. Dividend yield 2011 Dividend yield=Annual cash dividends per shareMarket price per share=2. 90183. 88=1. 6% 2010 Dividend yield=Annual cash dividends per shareMar ket price per share=2. 50146. 76=1. 7% A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price. In the absence of any capital gains, the dividend yield is the return on investment for a stock. . Comparison and Interpretation of Ratio Values With Main Competitors Microsoft All the comparisons are based on the data of 2011. 3. 5 Liquidity and Efficiency Ratios a. Current ratio 2011 IBM Current ratio=Current assetsCurrent liabilities=50,92842,123=1. 21:1 2011 Microsoft Current ratio=Current assetsCurrent liabilities=74,91828,774=2. 60:1 The lower current ratio means that Microsoft has more resources to pay its debts over the next 12 months. b. Quick ratio (Acid-test ratio) 2011 IBM Quick ratio=Cash+Short-term investments+ Current receivablesCurrent liabilities=11,922+4,895+18,38242,123=0. 84:1 011 Microsoft Quick ratio=Cash+Short-term investments+ Current receivablesCurrent liabilities= 9,610+43,162+14,98728,774=2. 35:1 Microsoft has a higher quick ratio which means that Microsoft’s shot-term liquidity is better than that of IBM. c. Accounts receivable turnover 2011 IBM Accounts receivable turnover=Net salesAverage accounts receivable, net=106,91617,886. 5=5. 97 times 2011 Microsoft Accounts receivable turnover=Net salesAverage accounts receivable, net=69,94314000. 5=5. 00 times The similar accounts receivable turnover means that both the companies have a relatively good ability to use its assets efficiently. . Inventory turnover 2011 IBM Inventory turnover=Cost of goods soldAverage inventory=56,7782,522. 5=22. 51 times 2011 Microsoft Inventory turnover=Cost of goods soldAverage inventory=53,8571,372=39. 25 times Microsoft has a higher inventory turnover which means a better inventory control. e. Days’ sales uncollected 2011 IBM Days’ sales uncollected=Accounts receivable, netNet sales*365=18,382106,916*365=62. 75 days 2011 Microsoft Days’ sales uncollected=Accounts receivable, netNet sales*365=14000. 569,943*365=73. 1 days IBM has a faster pace to collect its accounts. f.Days’ sales in inventory 2011 IBM Days’ sales in inventory=Ending inventoryCost of goods sold*365=2,59556,778*365=16. 68 days 2011 Microsoft Days’ sales in inventory=Ending inventoryCost of goods sold*365=1,37253857*365=9. 30 days Microsoft has a quicker speed to turn its inventory into sales. g. Total assets turnover 2011 IBM Total assets turnover=Net salesAverage total assets=106,916114,942. 5=0. 93 times 2011 Microsoft Total assets turnover=Net salesAverage total assets=69,94397408. 5=0. 72 times IBM has better abilities to use its assets to efficiently generate sales. . 6 Solvency Ratios a. Debt ratio 2011 IBM Debt ratio=Total liabilitiesTotal assets=96,197 116,433 =82. 6% 2011 Microsoft Debt ratio=Total liabilitiesTotal assets=51,621 108,704 =47. 5% IBM has a higher proportion of debe relative to its assets, which means a higher risk. b. Equity ratio 2011 IBM Equity ra tio=Total equityTotal assets=20,236116,433=17. 4% 2011 Microsoft Equity ratio=Total equityTotal assets=57,083108,704=52. 5% c. Interest coverage ratio 2011 IBM Interest coverage ratio=Income before interest expense and income taxesInterest expense=22,904411=55. times 2011 Microsoft Interest coverage ratio=Income before interest expense and income taxesInterest expense=28,071295=95. 2 times Microsoft has better ability to meet its debt obligations. 3. 7 Profitability Ratios a. Return on total assets 2011 IBM Return on total assets=Net incomeAverage total assets=15,855114,942. 5=13. 8% 2011 Microsoft Return on total assets=Net incomeAverage total assets=23,15066213. 5=35. 0% Microsoft is more efficient in generating earnings by using its assets. b. Return on equity 2011 IBM Return on equity=Net income-Preferred dividendsAverage equity=15,855-3,47321704=57. % 2011 Microsoft Return on equity=Net income-Preferred dividendsAverage equity=23,150-5,39451629=34. 4% IBM has a better performan ce in generating profitability by using shareholders’ investment. c. Net income as a percentage of net sales (Profit margin ratio) 2011 IBM Net income as a percentage of net sales=Net incomeNet sales=15,855106,916=14. 8% 2011 Microsoft Net income as a percentage of net sales=Net incomeNet sales=23,15069,943=33. 1% Microsoft is better in keeping earnings in how much out of every dollar of sales. d. Gross profit rate (Gross margin ratio) 011 IBM Gross profit rate=Net sales-Cost of goods soldNet sales=106,916-56,778106,916=46. 9% 2011 Microsoft Gross profit rate=Net sales-Cost of goods soldNet sales=69,943-56,77869,943=18. 8% Higher percentage of IBM means it retains more on each dollar of sales to service its other costs and obligations. 3. 8 Market Ratios a. Price-Earnings ratio 2011 IBM Price-Earnings ratio=Market price per common shareEarnings per share=183. 8813. 25=13. 9:1 2011 Microsoft Price-Earnings ratio=Market price per common shareEarnings per share=26. 872. 73=9. 84 :1 P/E ratio gives a clear comparison, Microsoft is better. b.Dividend yield 2011 IBM Dividend yield=Annual cash dividends per shareMarket price per share=2. 90183. 88=1. 6% 2011 Microsoft Dividend yield=Annual cash dividends per shareMarket price per share=0. 64 26. 87=2. 4% Microsoft give higher percentage of dividend. 3. Comparison and Interpretation of Ratio Values with Key Business Ratios All the comparisons are based on the data of 2011. Only compared with those available online. 4. 9 Liquidity and Efficiency Ratios Table 3-3. 1-1Liquidity and Efficiency Ratios with Key Business Ratios Item| IBM 2011| IBM 2011| Key Business Ratios| Current ratio| 1. 21:1| 1. 19:1| 1. 9:1| Quick ratio| 0. 84:1| 0. 81:1| 0. 68:1| Return on equity| 57. 0%| 50. 8%| 13. 96%| Net income as a percentage of net sales| 14. 8%| 14. 9%| 10. 2%| Price-Earnings ratio| 13. 9:1| 12. 6:1| 13. 2:1| Dividend yield| 1. 6%| 1. 7%| 2. 05%| The lower current ratio means IBM has a more resource to pay its debts over the next 12 month compared to the industry average. IBM has a higher quick ratio which means that IBM’s shot-term liquidity is better than industry average. A higher return on equity ratio means IBM has a better performance than industry average in generating profitability by using shareholders’ investment.A higher Net income as a percentage of net sales means IBM is better in keeping earnings in how much out of every dollar of sales than industry average. IBM’s P/E ratio increased and exceeded the industry average and is a little bit better. Its stock performed well last year. A lower dividend yield ratio means less dividend compared to industry average gave to shareholders. In conclusion, IBM had a quite well performance in last two years. All the ratios shows that IBM had got an obvious growth and improvement. 4. Common-size Comparative Statements Analysis Appendix 1 is IBM Common-Size Comparative Balance Sheets A 0. 4% point increase in cash and equivalents , which is likely balanced with a 0. 87% point decline in Marketable securities, both steady status in inventories and property, plant and equipment, a marked increase 8. 5% in retained earnings and with most of the good increase and good decrease in percentage means a better performance year in 2011 than that in 2010. Appendix 2 is IBM Common-Size Comparative Income Statement A 0. 33% decline in cost of services, a 0. 39% decline in cost of sales, a 0. 11% decline in cost of financing, a 0. 82% decline in total cost contributes a 0. 82% increase in gross profits, and a 0. 2% decline in net income (loss) shows a better performance of IBM in 2011 than that in 2010. Appendix 3 is IBM Common-Size Comparative Cash Flow Statement A 4. 01% increase in net income, a 1. 29% decline in inventories, a 5% decline in other assets/other liabilities, a 0. 09% increase in investment in software, a 0. 61% in non-operating finance receivables – net, a 21. 17% increase in acquisition of busine sses, net of cash acquired, and a 21. 37 increase in net cash flows from investing activities gives a enough evidence to show the better performance of IBM in 2011 than that in 2010.So in conclusion, IBM performed better in 2011 than in 2010. 5. Trend Analysis Appendix 4 is IBM Income Statement Trend Percent The base period is 2009 and the trend percent is computed in each subsequent year by dividing that year’s amount by its 2009 amount. Total revenue in trend percent is 100% in 2009, 104. 29% in 2010, and 111. 65% in 2011; Total cost is 100% in 2009, 103. 62% in 2010, and 109. 25% in 2011; Total expense & other income is 100% in 2009, 102. 51% in 2010, and 113. 60% in 2011. These data shows a good control of cost but a relatively bad expense control.IBM used the relatively same cost generates more revenue but fewer revenue with the same expense. Total revenue falls short of that for total expense & other income in 2011 but exceeded in 2010, IBM fails to show an ability to c ontrol these expenses as it expands in 2011. Appendix 5 is IBM Balance Sheet Trend Percent The base period is 2009 and the trend percent is computed in each subsequent year by dividing that year’s amount by its 2009 amount. Total revenue in trend percent is 100% in 2009, 104. 29% in 2010, and 111. 65% in 2011; Total assets are 100% in 2009, 104. 60% in 2010, and 106. % in 2011; Retained earnings are 100% in 2009, 114. 38% in 2010, and 129. 61% in 2011. With these percent, we can figure out that IBM was more efficient in using its assets in 2011. Management has generated revenues sufficient to compensate for this asset growth. And in retained earnings shows a better in expense control and higher efficiency in generate revenues. So in conclusion, IBM did a quite good job in 2011. V. Prospective Analysis and Summary Here, based on what I have calculated and the interpretation. We can definitely come to a conclusion that IBM is still growing and it did very good in most parts.As the trend analysis listed above, the faster growing total revenue and the slower growing total cost shows a quite good control of the cost. IBM used the relatively same cost generates more revenue. And IBM was becoming more efficient in using its assets to generate revenue. The fairly good current ratio gives an average performance in giving the debts in next 12 months. And with the quite good quick ratio, return on equity, net income as a percentage of net sales, P/E ratio in 2011 which are higher than the average key business ratios and the ratios of IBM in 2010, we can anticipate a good performance in 2012 and far future.Common-size comparative statements analysis also gives a quite good result, such as the increase in cash and equivalents, gross profits, net income, acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired, net cash flows and retained earnings, the decline in cost of goods and inventories. Although IBM didn't perform as well as Microsoft, and there is still some defects i n its performance in last two years. As a whole, I would like to invest my hard -earned dollars into the stock of IBM. Appendix 1 | | | Common-size Percent| Report Date| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| Cash ; cash equivalents| 11,922,000| 10,661,000| 10. 4%| 9. 40%| Marketable securities| 0| 990,000| 0. 00%| 0. 87%| Notes ; accounts receivable – trade, net| 11,179,000| 10,834,000| 9. 60%| 9. 55%| Short-term financing receivables| 16,901,000| 16,257,000| 14. 52%| 14. 33%| Other accounts receivable| 1,481,000| 1,134,000| 1. 27%| 1. 00%| Finished goods| 589,000| 432,000| 0. 51%| 0. 38%| Work in process ; raw materials| 2,007,000| 2,018,000| 1. 72%| 1. 78%| Inventories| 2,595,000| 2,450,000| 2. 23%| 2. 16%| Deferred taxes| 1,601,000| 1,564,000| 1. 38%| 1. 38%| Prepaid expenses ; other current assets| 5,249,000| 4,226,000| 4. 51%| 3. 2%| Total current assets| 50,928,000| 48,116,000| 43. 74%| 42. 41%| Land ; land improvements| 786,000| 777,000| 0. 68%| 0. 68%| Build ings ; building improvements| 9,531,000| 9,414,000| 8. 19%| 8. 30%| Plant, laboratory ; office equipment| 26,843,000| 26,676,000| 23. 05%| 23. 51%| Plant ; other property, gross| 37,160,000| 36,867,000| 31. 92%| 32. 50%| Less: accumulated depreciation| 24,703,000| 24,435,000| 21. 22%| 21. 54%| Plant ; other property, net| 12,457,000| 12,432,000| 10. 70%| 10. 96%| Rental machines, gross| 2,964,000| 3,422,000| 2. 55%| 3. 02%| Less: Accumulated depreciation| 1,538,000| 1,758,000| 1. 2%| 1. 55%| Rental machines, net| 1,426,000| 1,665,000| 1. 22%| 1. 47%| Plant, rental machines ; oth property, gross| 40,124,000| 40,289,000| 34. 46%| 35. 51%| Less: Accumulated depreciation| 26,241,000| 26,193,000| 22. 54%| 23. 09%| Plant, rental machines ; other property, net| 13,883,000| 14,096,000| 11. 92%| 12. 42%| Long-term financing receivables| 10,776,000| 10,548,000| 9. 26%| 9. 30%| Prepaid pension assets| 2,843,000| 3,068,000| 2. 44%| 2. 70%| Deferred taxes| 3,503,000| 3,220,000| 3. 01%| 2. 84%| G oodwill| 26,213,000| 25,136,000| 22. 51%| 22. 16%| Intangible assets, net| 3,392,000| 3,488,000| 2. 1%| 3. 07%| Deferred taxes| -| -| | | Deferred transition ; set-up costs ; other deferred arrangements| 1,784,000| 1,853,000| 1. 53%| 1. 63%| Derivatives, non-current| 753,000| 588,000| 0. 65%| 0. 52%| Alliance investments – equity method| 131,000| 122,000| 0. 11%| 0. 11%| Alliance investments – non-equity method| 127,000| 531,000| 0. 11%| 0. 47%| Prepaid software| 233,000| 268,000| 0. 20%| 0. 24%| Long-term deposits| 307,000| 350,000| 0. 26%| 0. 31%| Marketable securities| -| -| | | Other receivables| 208,000| 560,000| 0. 18%| 0. 49%| Employee benefit related| 493,000| 409,000| 0. 42%| 0. 6%| Prepaid income taxes| 261,000| 434,000| 0. 22%| 0. 38%| Other assets| 598,000| 663,000| 0. 51%| 0. 58%| Total investments ; sundry assets| 4,895,000| 5,778,000| 4. 20%| 5. 09%| Total assets| 116,433,000| 113,452,000| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| Taxes| 3,313,000| 4,216,000| 2. 85%| 3. 72%| Commercial paper| 2,300,000| 1,144,000| 1. 98%| 1. 01%| Short-term loans| 1,859,000| 1,617,000| 1. 60%| 1. 43%| Long-term debt – current maturities| 4,306,000| 4,017,000| 3. 70%| 3. 54%| Short-term debt| 8,463,000| 6,778,000| 7. 27%| 5. 97%| Accounts payable| 8,517,000| 7,804,000| 7. 31%| 6. 88%| Compensation ; benefits| 5,099,000| 5,028,000| 4. 8%| 4. 43%| Deferred income| 12,197,000| 11,580,000| 10. 48%| 10. 21%| Other accrued expenses ; liabilities| 4,535,000| 5,156,000| 3. 89%| 4. 54%| Total current liabilities| 42,123,000| 40,562,000| 36. 18%| 35. 75%| U. S dollar notes ; debentures| 24,192,000| 21,766,000| 20. 78%| 19. 19%| Other debt in Euros| 1,037,000| 1,897,000| 0. 89%| 1. 67%| Other debt in Japanese yen| 1,123,000| 1,162,000| 0. 96%| 1. 02%| Other debt in Swiss francs| 173,000| 540,000| 0. 15%| 0. 48%| Other currencies debt| 177,000| 240,000| 0. 15%| 0. 21%| Long-term debt| 26,702,000| 25,606,000| 22. 93%| 22. 7%| Less: net unamortized premium (discount)| -533,000| -531,000| -0. 46%| -0. 47%| Add: SFAS No. 133 fair value adjustment| 994,000| 788,000| 0. 85%| 0. 69%| Long-term debt before current maturities| 27,161,000| 25,863,000| 23. 33%| 22. 80%| Less: Current maturities| 4,306,000| 4,017,000| 3. 70%| 3. 54%| Long-term debt| 22,857,000| 21,846,000| 19. 63%| 19. 26%| Retire ; nonpension postretire benef obligs| 18,374,000| 15,978,000| 15. 78%| 14. 08%| Deferred income| 3,847,000| 3,666,000| 3. 30%| 3. 23%| Income tax reserves| 3,989,000| 3,486,000| 3. 43%| 3. 07%| Executive compensation accruals| 1,388,000| 1,302,000| 1. 19%| 1. 5%| Disability benefits| 835,000| 739,000| 0. 72%| 0. 65%| Derivatives liabilities| 166,000| 135,000| 0. 14%| 0. 12%| Restructuring actions| 347,000| 399,000| 0. 30%| 0. 35%| Workforce reductions| 366,000| 406,000| 0. 31%| 0. 36%| Deferred taxes| 549,000| 378,000| 0. 47%| 0. 33%| Enviromental accruals| 249,000| 249,000| 0. 21%| 0. 22%| Non-current warranty accruals| 163,000| 130,000| 0. 14%| 0. 11%| Asset retirement obligations| 166,000| 161,000| 0. 14%| 0. 14%| Other liabilities| 777,000| 841,000| 0. 67%| 0. 74%| Total other liabilities| 8,996,000| 8,226,000| 7. 73%| 7. 25%| Total liabilities| 96,197,000| 90,279,000| 82. 2%| 79. 57%| Common stock| 48,129,000| 45,418,000| 41. 34%| 40. 03%| Retained earnings| 104,857,000| 92,532,000| 90. 06%| 81. 56%| Treasury stock, at cost| 110,963,000| 96,161,000| 95. 30%| 84. 76%| Net unreal gains (losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives| 71,000| -96,000| 0. 06%| -0. 08%| Foreign currency translation adjustments| 1,767,000| 2,478,000| 1. 52%| 2. 18%| Net change retirement-related benefit plans| -23,737,000| -21,289,000| -20. 39%| -18. 76%| Net unrealized gains (losses) on mktble secur| 13,000| 164,000| 0. 01%| 0. 14%| Accum gains ; (losses) not affecting ret earns| -21,885,000| -18,743,000| -18. 0%| -16. 52%| Total stockholders' equity| 20,138,000| 23,046,000| 17. 30%| 20. 31%| Non-controlling interests| 97,000| 126,000| 0. 08%| 0. 11%| Total equity| 20,236,0 00| 23,172,000| 17. 38%| 20. 42%| Appendix 2 | | | Common-size Percent| Report Date| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| Services revenue| 60,721,000| 56,868,000| 56. 79%| 56. 94%| Sales| 44,063,000| 40,736,000| 41. 21%| 40. 79%| Financing revenue| 2,132,000| 2,267,000| 1. 99%| 2. 27%| Total revenue| 106,916,000| 99,870,000| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| Cost of services| 40,740,000| 38,383,000| 38. 10%| 38. 43%| Cost of sales| 14,973,000| 14,374,000| 14. 0%| 14. 39%| Cost of financing| 1,065,000| 1,100,000| 1. 00%| 1. 10%| Total cost| 56,778,000| 53,857,000| 53. 11%| 53. 93%| Gross profit| 50,138,000| 46,014,000| 46. 89%| 46. 07%| Selling, general & administrative – base expense| 20,287,000| 18,585,000| 18. 97%| 18. 61%| Advertising & promotional expense| 1,373,000| 1,337,000| 1. 28%| 1. 34%| Workforce reductions – ongoing expense| 440,000| 641,000| 0. 41%| 0. 64%| Retirement-related expense| 603,000| 494,000| 0. 56%| 0. 49%| Amortization expense-acquired intangible s| 289,000| 253,000| 0. 27%| 0. 25%| Stock-based compensation| 514,000| 488,000| 0. 8%| 0. 49%| Bad debt expense| 88,000| 40,000| 0. 08%| 0. 04%| Total selling, general & administrative exps| 23,594,000| 21,837,000| 22. 07%| 21. 87%| Research, development & engineering expenses| 6,258,000| 6,026,000| 5. 85%| 6. 03%| Intellectual property & custom development income| 1,108,000| 1,154,000| 1. 04%| 1. 16%| Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)| (513,000)| (303,000)| -0. 48%| -0. 30%| Gains (losses) on derivative instruments| 113,000| 239,000| 0. 11%| 0. 24%| Interest income| 136,000| 92,000| 0. 13%| 0. 09%| Net gains from securities & investments assets| 227,000| (31,000)| 0. 1%| -0. 03%| Other income & (expense)| 58,000| 790,000| 0. 05%| 0. 79%| Total other income (expense)| 20,000| 787,000| 0. 02%| 0. 79%| Interest expense| 411,000| 368,000| 0. 38%| 0. 37%| Total expense & other income| 29,135,000| 26,291,000| 27. 25%| 26. 33%| Income (loss) bef income taxes – U. S. oper s| 9,716,000| 9,140,000| 9. 09%| 9. 15%| Income (loss) bef inc taxes – Non-U. S. opers| 11,287,000| 10,583,000| 10. 56%| 10. 60%| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes| 21,003,000| 19,723,000| 19. 64%| 19. 75%| U. S federal income taxes (benefit) – current| 268,000| 190,000| 0. 5%| 0. 19%| U. S. federal income taxes (benef) – deferred| 909,000| 1,015,000| 0. 85%| 1. 02%| Total U. S. federal income taxes (benefit)| 1,177,000| 1,205,000| 1. 10%| 1. 21%| U. S. state & local inc tax (benef) – current| 429,000| 279,000| 0. 40%| 0. 28%| U. S. state & local inc tax (benef) – deferred| 81,000| 210,000| 0. 08%| 0. 21%| Total U. S. state & local income taxes (benef)| 510,000| 489,000| 0. 48%| 0. 49%| Non-U. S. income taxes (benefit) – current| 3,239,000| 3,127,000| 3. 03%| 3. 13%| Non-U. S. income taxes (benefit) – deferred| 222,000| 69,000| 0. 21%| 0. 07%| Total non-U. S. ncome taxes (benefit)| 3,461,000| 3,196,000| 3. 2 4%| 3. 20%| Provision for income taxes| 5,148,000| 4,890,000| 4. 81%| 4. 90%| Net income (loss)| 15,855,000| 14,833,000| 14. 83%| 14. 85%| Weighted average shares outstanding-basic| 1,196,951. 006| 1,268,789. 388| 1. 12%| 1. 27%| Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted| 1,213,767. 985| 1,287,355. 388| 1. 14%| 1. 29%| Year end shares outstanding| 1,163,182. 564| 1,227,993. 544| 1. 09%| 1. 23%| Net earnings (loss) per share-basic| 13. 25| 11. 69| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Net earnings (loss) per share-diluted| 13. 06| 11. 52| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Dividends per share of common stock| 2. | 2. 5| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Total number of employees| 433,362| 426,751| 0. 41%| 0. 43%| Number of common stockholders| 504,093| 523,553| 0. 47%| 0. 52%| Appendix 3 | | | Common-size Percent| Report Date| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| Net income (loss)| 15,855,000| 14,833,000| 79. 89%| 75. 88%| Depreciation| 3,589,000| 3,657,000| 18. 08%| 18. 71%| Amortization of intangibles| 1,226,000| 1,174,000| 6. 18%| 6. 01%| Stock-based compensation| 697,000| 629,000| 3. 51%| 3. 22%| Deferred taxes| 1,212,000| 1,294,000| 6. 11%| 6. 62%| Net loss (gain) on asset sales & other| (342,000)| (801,000)| -1. 2%| -4. 10%| Receivables (including financing receivables)| (1,279,000)| (489,000)| -6. 44%| -2. 50%| Retirement related| (1,371,000)| (1,963,000)| -6. 91%| -10. 04%| Inventories| (163,000)| 92,000| -0. 82%| 0. 47%| Other assets/other liabilities| (28,000)| 949,000| -0. 14%| 4. 85%| Accounts payable| 451,000| 174,000| 2. 27%| 0. 89%| Net cash flows from operating activities| 19,846,000| 19,549,000| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| Payments for plant, rental machines & other property| (4,108,000)| (4,185,000)| -20. 70%| -21. 41%| Proc from disp of plant, rental machines & oth prop| 608,000| 770,000| 3. 06%| 3. 4%| Investment in software| (559,000)| (569,000)| -2. 82%| -2. 91%| Purchases of marketable securities & other investments| (1,594,000)| (6,129,000)| -8. 03%| -31. 35%| Proceeds from disposition of m arketable securities & other investments| 3,345,000| 7,877,000| 16. 85%| 40. 29%| Non-operating finance receivables – net| (291,000)| (405,000)| -1. 47%| -2. 07%| Acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired| (1,811,000)| (5,922,000)| -9. 13%| -30. 29%| Divestiture of businesses, net of cash transferred| 14,000| 55,000| 0. 07%| 0. 28%| Net cash flows from investing activities| (4,396,000)| (8,507,000)| -22. 5%| -43. 52%| Proceeds from new debt| 9,996,000| 8,055,000| 50. 37%| 41. 20%| Payments to settle debt| (8,947,000)| (6,522,000)| -45. 08%| -33. 36%| Sht-tm borrows (repays)-less than 90 days-net| 1,321,000| 817,000| 6. 66%| 4. 18%| Common stock repurchases| (15,046,000)| (15,375,000)| -75. 81%| -78. 65%| Common stock transactions, other| 2,453,000| 3,774,000| 12. 36%| 19. 31%| Cash dividends paid| (3,473,000)| (3,177,000)| -17. 50%| -16. 25%| Net cash flows from financing activities| (13,696,000)| (12,429,000)| -69. 01%| -63. 58%| Eff of exch rate chngs on cash & cash e quivs| (493,000)| (135,000)| -2. 8%| -0. 69%| Net change in cash & cash equivalents| 1,262,000| (1,522,000)| 6. 36%| -7. 79%| Cash & cash equivalents, beginning of year| 10,661,000| 12,183,000| 53. 72%| 62. 32%| Cash & cash equivalents, end of year| 11,922,000| 10,661,000| 60. 07%| 54. 53%| Cash paid during the year for income taxes| 4,168,000| 3,238,000| 21. 00%| 16. 56%| Cash paid during the year for interest| 956,000| 951,000| 4. 82%| 4. 86%| Appendix 4 | Trend Percent| Report Date| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| 12/31/2009| Services revenue| 110. 15%| 103. 16%| 100. 00%| Sales| 115. 05%| 106. 36%| 100. 00%| Financing revenue| 91. 46%| 97. 5%| 100. 00%| Total revenue| 111. 65%| 104. 29%| 100. 00%| Cost of services| 109. 68%| 103. 33%| 100. 00%| Cost of sales| 110. 05%| 105. 64%| 100. 00%| Cost of financing| 87. 30%| 90. 16%| 100. 00%| Total cost| 109. 25%| 103. 62%| 100. 00%| Gross profit| 114. 51%| 105. 09%| 100. 00%| Selling, general & administrative – base expense| 112. 36%| 1 02. 93%| 100. 00%| Advertising & promotional expense| 109. 66%| 106. 79%| 100. 00%| Workforce reductions – ongoing expense| 92. 83%| 135. 23%| 100. 00%| Retirement-related expense| 187. 27%| 153. 42%| 100. 00%| Amortization expense-acquired intangibles| 101. 40%| 88. 7%| 100. 00%| Stock-based compensation| 123. 26%| 117. 03%| 100. 00%| Bad debt expense| 59. 86%| 27. 21%| 100. 00%| Total selling, general & administrative exps| 112. 61%| 104. 22%| 100. 00%| Research, development & engineering expenses| 107. 53%| 103. 54%| 100. 00%| Intellectual property & custom development income| 94. 14%| 98. 05%| 100. 00%| Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)| -51300. 00%| -30300. 00%| 100. 00%| Gains (losses) on derivative instruments| 941. 67%| 1991. 67%| 100. 00%| Interest income| 144. 68%| 97. 87%| 100. 00%| Net gains from securities & investments assets| -202. 8%| 27. 68%| 100. 00%| Net real gains (losses) from real est activs| -| -| 100. 00%| Other income & (expense)| 16. 48%| 2 24. 43%| 100. 00%| Total other income (expense)| 5. 70%| 224. 22%| 100. 00%| Interest expense| 102. 24%| 91. 54%| 100. 00%| Total expense & other income| 113. 60%| 102. 51%| 100. 00%| Income (loss) bef income taxes – U. S. opers| 102. 02%| 95. 97%| 100. 00%| Income (loss) bef inc taxes – Non-U. S. opers| 131. 03%| 122. 86%| 100. 00%| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes| 115. 80%| 108. 74%| 100. 00%| U. S federal income taxes (benefit) – current| 56. 6%| 40. 17%| 100. 00%| U. S. federal income taxes (benef) – deferred| 67. 79%| 75. 69%| 100. 00%| Total U. S. federal income taxes (benefit)| 64. 88%| 66. 43%| 100. 00%| U. S. state & local inc tax (benef) – current| 357. 50%| 232. 50%| 100. 00%| U. S. state & local inc tax (benef) – deferred| 43. 78%| 113. 51%| 100. 00%| Total U. S. state & local income taxes (benef)| 167. 21%| 160. 33%| 100. 00%| Non-U. S. income taxes (benefit) – current| 138. 01%| 133. 23%| 100 . 00%| Non-U. S. income taxes (benefit) – deferred| 89. 88%| 27. 94%| 100. 00%| Total non-U. S. income taxes (benefit)| 133. 2%| 123. 21%| 100. 00%| Provision for income taxes| 109. 23%| 103. 76%| 100. 00%| Income (loss) from continuing operations| -| -| 100. 00%| Net income (loss)| 118. 10%| 110. 49%| 100. 00%| Weighted average shares outstanding-basic| 90. 19%| 95. 60%| 100. 00%| Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted| 90. 49%| 95. 97%| 100. 00%| Year end shares outstanding| 89. 11%| 94. 07%| 100. 00%| Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations-basic| -| -| 100. 00%| Net earnings (loss) per share-basic| 130. 93%| 115. 51%| 100. 00%| Earnings (loss) per share from continuing operations-diluted| -| -| 100. 0%| Net earnings (loss) per share-diluted| 130. 47%| 115. 08%| 100. 00%| Dividends per share of common stock| 134. 88%| 116. 28%| 100. 00%| Total number of employees| 98. 99%| 97. 48%| 100. 00%| Number of common stockholders| 92. 70%| 96. 28%| 100. 00%| Appen dix 5 | Trend percent| Report Date| 12/31/2011| 12/31/2010| 12/31/2009| Cash & cash equivalents| 97. 86%| 87. 51%| 100. 00%| Marketable securities| 0. 00%| 55. 28%| 100. 00%| Notes & accounts receivable – trade, net| 104. 13%| 100. 91%| 100. 00%| Short-term financing receivables| 113. 32%| 109. 00%| 100. 00%| Other accounts receivable| 129. 7%| 99. 21%| 100. 00%| Finished goods| 110. 51%| 81. 05%| 100. 00%| Work in process & raw materials| 102. 40%| 102. 96%| 100. 00%| Inventories| 104. 05%| 98. 24%| 100. 00%| Deferred taxes| 92. 54%| 90. 40%| 100. 00%| Prepaid expenses & other current assets| 133. 02%| 107. 10%| 100. 00%| Total current assets| 104. 07%| 98. 33%| 100. 00%| Land & land improvements| 106. 65%| 105. 43%| 100. 00%| Buildings & building improvements| 102. 33%| 101. 07%| 100. 00%| Plant, laboratory & office equipment| 103. 69%| 103. 04%| 100. 00%| Plant & other property, gross| 103. 39%| 102. 58%| 100. 0%| Less: accumulated depreciation| 105. 19%| 104. 05%| 100. 00 %| Plant & other property, net| 100. 02%| 99. 82%| 100. 00%| Rental machines, gross| 81. 07%| 93. 60%| 100. 00%| Less: Accumulated depreciation| 79. 03%| 90. 34%| 100. 00%| Rental machines, net| 83. 39%| 97. 37%| 100. 00%| Plant, rental machines & oth property, gross| 101. 33%| 101. 75%| 100. 00%| Less: Accumulated depreciation| 103. 19%| 103. 00%| 100. 00%| Plant, rental machines & other property, net| 98. 01%| 99. 51%| 100. 00%| Long-term financing receivables| 101. 24%| 99. 10%| 100. 00%| Prepaid pension assets| 94. 4%| 102. 23%| 100. 00%| Deferred taxes| 83. 50%| 76. 76%| 100. 00%| Goodwill| 129. 83%| 124. 50%| 100. 00%| Intangible assets, net| 134. 98%| 138. 80%| 100. 00%| Deferred transition & set-up costs & other deferred arrangements| 100. 68%| 104. 57%| 100. 00%| Derivatives, non-current| 133. 27%| 104. 07%| 100. 00%| Alliance investments – equity method| 113. 91%| 106. 09%| 100. 00%| Alliance investments – non-equity method| 26. 62%| 111. 32%| 100. 00%| Prepa id software| 74. 68%| 85. 90%| 100. 00%| Long-term deposits| 99. 03%| 112. 90%| 100. 00%| Other receivables| 33. 71%| 90. 76%| 100. 00%|Employee benefit related| 115. 46%| 95. 78%| 100. 00%| Prepaid income taxes| -| -| -| Other assets| 76. 37%| 84. 67%| 100. 00%| Total investments & sundry assets| 91. 00%| 107. 42%| 100. 00%| Total assets| 106. 80%| 104. 06%| 100. 00%| Taxes| 86. 59%| 110. 19%| 100. 00%| Commercial paper| 978. 72%| 486. 81%| 100. 00%| Short-term loans| 108. 65%| 94. 51%| 100. 00%| Long-term debt – current maturities| 193. 79%| 180. 78%| 100. 00%| Short-term debt| 203. 05%| 162. 62%| 100. 00%| Accounts payable| 114. 54%| 104. 95%| 100. 00%| Compensation & benefits| 113. 19%| 111. 61%| 100. 00%| Deferred income| 112. 7%| 106. 78%| 100. 00%| Other accrued expenses & liabilities| 86. 83%| 98. 72%| 100. 00%| Total current liabilities| 117. 00%| 112. 67%| 100. 00%| U. S dollar notes & debentures| 132. 58%| 119. 29%| 100. 00%| Other debt in Euros| 30. 26%| 55. 35%| 100. 00%| Other debt in Japanese yen| 71. 76%| 74. 25%| 100. 00%| Other debt in Swiss francs| 35. 74%| 111. 57%| 100. 00%| Other currencies debt| 62. 11%| 84. 21%| 100. 00%| Long-term debt| 111. 22%| 106. 66%| 100. 00%| Less: net unamortized premium (discount)| 101. 14%| 100. 76%| 100. 00%| Add: SFAS No. 133 fair value adjustment| 147. 70%| 117. 9%| 100. 00%| Long-term debt before current maturities| 112. 45%| 107. 08%| 100. 00%| Less: Current maturities| 193. 79%| 180. 78%| 100. 00%| Long-term debt| 104. 22%| 99. 61%| 100. 00%| Retire & nonpension postretire benef obligs| 115. 18%| 100. 16%| 100. 00%| Deferred income| 108. 00%| 102. 92%| 100. 00%| Income tax reserves| 109. 98%| 96. 11%| 100. 00%| Executive compensation accruals| 119. 66%| 112. 24%| 100. 00%| Disability benefits| 105. 03%| 92. 96%| 100. 00%| Derivatives liabilities| 25. 58%| 20. 80%| 100. 00%| Restructuring actions| 78. 68%| 90. 48%| 100. 00%| Workforce reductions| 89. 9%| 99. 27%| 100. 00%| Deferred taxes| 116. 81% | 80. 43%| 100. 00%| Enviromental accruals| 101. 63%| 101. 63%| 100. 00%| Non-current warranty accruals| 129. 37%| 103. 17%| 100. 00%| Asset retirement obligations| 143. 10%| 138. 79%| 100. 00%| Other liabilities| 99. 49%| 107. 68%| 100. 00%| Total other liabilities| 102. 01%| 93. 28%| 100. 00%| Total liabilities| 111. 51%| 104. 65%| 100. 00%| Common stock| 115. 11%| 108. 63%| 100. 00%| Retained earnings| 129. 61%| 114. 38%| 100. 00%| Treasury stock, at cost| 136. 58%| 118. 36%| 100. 00%| Net unreal gains (losses) on cash flow hedge derivatives| -14. 6%| 19. 96%| 100. 00%| Foreign currency translation adjustments| 96. 24%| 134. 97%| 100. 00%| Net change retirement-related